英语的前缀-定义和例子
英语的前缀-定义和例子
前缀是一到三个音节的词缀，加在基本词的开头，以轻微改变其含义。例如，在基础单词“可能”前添加前缀“im-”会创建一个新词“不可能”，意思是“不可能”。
前缀是英语中常见的一部分，理解它们可以极大地提高你的词汇量和阅读理解能力。在这个快速指南中，我们解释了你需要知道的关于前缀的一切，并给出了大量的英语前缀示例。但首先，让我们谈谈前缀（prefix）是什么意思。
What are prefixes?
前缀和后缀是词缀的一种，它们是加在词根上的词素，用来修饰词根的意思。前缀加在单词的开头，后缀加在单词的结尾。
在英语中，最常见的前缀和后缀通常是一个或两个音节长，尽管有些像hetero-和megalo-是三个音节长。
前缀总是具有相同的含义，无论它们连接到什么基础词。例如，前缀re-总是表示“再做一遍”:当用于reread时，它的意思是“再读一遍”;当它用于rebuild时，它的意思是“再次建造”。
When to use prefixes
前缀主要用于将短语缩短为一个单词。例如，不要说某人“比预期的完成得更多”，你可以简单地说他们“overachieving超额完成”，多亏了前缀over-。在写作中，前缀是简化文本并使其更有力的最佳方法之一。
前缀在学术学科中也很重要，特别是对学科进行分类。例如，生物学是研究生物的学科，基于前缀bio-，意思是“生命”，而地质学是研究岩石和其他地球矿物的学科，基于前缀geo-，意思是“与地球有关”。
只是要小心使用带有否定前缀的词，这样你就不会造成双重否定。有些前缀，比如a-、in-或un-，已经是否定的了。这意味着如果你说“not unnecessary”，两个否定词就互相抵消了，意思就是“necessary”。
Prefixes and hyphens
从语法的角度来看，使用前缀最令人困惑的部分是什么时候在前缀后面使用连字符。基本上，一些带前缀的单词使用连字符，而一些没有。为了帮助你理解什么时候在前缀中使用连字符，这里有一些基本规则:
Use a hyphen with the prefixes all-, ex– (former), and self–
前缀all-, ex-, 和 self- 使用连字符-.
an all-knowing deity
my ex-partner
a self-aware creature
但是，要小心使用ex-，因为它有两个不同的意思——“从…出来”和“过去”。只有当“ex-”的意思是“以前”或“过去”时，才使用连字符。
exterminator
ex-exterminator (a former exterminator)
还要注意前缀extra -与前缀ex-是不同的，尽管它们以相同的两个字母开头。前缀extra-不像前缀ex-那样需要连字符。
extraterrestrial
Use a hyphen for prefixes with a proper noun
如果你在专有名词前使用前缀，一定要用连字符。
a trans-Pacific flight
pro-Ukraine
唯一的例外是transatlantic，这是一个不遵循专有名词规则的独特单词。
Use a hyphen if adding the prefix spells a different word
一些有前缀的单词，尤其是re-，很容易与其他已经存在的单词混淆，这些单词恰好以相同的字母开头。如果为一个单词添加前缀会创建一个已经存在的单词，请使用连字符来消除歧义。
After she recovers from the flu, the gardener needs to re-cover the flower beds.
Use a hyphen to avoid putting the same vowels together
大多数情况下，如果前缀的最后一个字母和词根的第一个字母是同一个元音，就应该使用连字符。
re-enter
semi-independent
但是，请记住这条规则也有例外。特别是，一些带有o和e对前缀的单词不需要连字符。
cooperate
preexisting
当前缀添加到以不同元音开头的单词时，通常不使用连字符。
reappraise
hydroelectric
即使对英语专家来说，记住哪些前缀单词使用连字符也是令人困惑的。如果你不确定，可以使用语法检查器。
Examples of prefixes in English
a-
not, without
amoral, atheist, asexual
after-
following something
afterlife, aftermath, aftereffect
all-
including everything or completely
all-knowing, all-American, all-encompassing
ambi-
both
ambidextrous, ambiguous, ambivalence
anti-
against or opposing
anticlimactic, antibiotics, antiperspirant
astro-
relating to stars or outer space
astronomy, astrology, astronomical
auto-
by oneself
automobile, autobiography, automatic
back-
behind or reverse
backflip, background, backward
bi-
two
bicycle, bisexual, binary
bio-
life or relating to life
biology, biotechnology, biopsy
circum-
around
circumference, circumvent, circumstantial
co-, col-, com-, con-, cor-
together
co-pilot, colleague, correlation
contra-
against or opposing
contradiction, contraceptive, contrarian
counter-
opposition, often as a reaction
counterattack, counterbalance, counterpart
de-
down or away from
de-escalate, descend, devalue
dis-
negation or reversal
disapprove, dislike, dishonor
down-
moving from higher to lower
downgrade, download, downplay
ex-
former or in the past
ex-boyfriend, ex-wife, ex-president
ex-
out from
expatriate, exclude, export
extra-
outside of
extradite, extraterrestrial, extracurricular
fore-
before or at the front
forecast, forefront, forearm
geo-
relating to the earth
geology, geography, geofence
hetero-
different
heterosexual, heterogeneous, heteromorph
hind-
in the back or behind
hindsight, hindquarters, hinder
homo-
same
homosexual, homogeny, homophone
hydro-
relating to water
hydroelectric, hydrophobic, hydroplane
hyper-
excessive, above, or over
hyperactive, hyperbolic, hyperventilate
il-, im-, in-, ir-
negation or reversal
illegal, inanimate, irredeemable
in-
toward or within
include, insert, influence
inter-
among, between
international, internet, interact
intra-
on the inside, within
intramural, intravenous, intracellular
mal-
badly
malfunction, malnourished, malevolent
mega-, megalo-
very large
megalomaniac, megalodon, megafauna
micro-
very small
microscope, microaggression, microcosm
mid-
in the middle
midnight, midlife, midseason
mini-
small or less
minimum, minivan, miniature
mono-
one
monochrome, monogamous, monologue
multi-
more than one, many
multiple, multitask, multimillionaire
neo-
new iteration of something
neoclassical, neonatal, neoliberal
non-
not or negation
nonnegotiable, nonstop, nonsense
off-
not standard or away from
offbrand, offsides, offshore
omni-
encompassing all
omnipotent, omnibus, omnivore
on-
in the immediate vicinity
ongoing, onlooker, onset
out-
surpassing or going outside the normal
outperform, outmaneuver, outlier
over-
excessive or going above
overreact, overreach, overstep
pan-
including everything
pandemic, pansexual, panacea
para-
beside or beyond
parallel, paragraph, paranormal
peri-
around or about
perimeter, periscope, peripheral
photo-
relating to light
photography, photosynthesis, photon
poly-
many
polygon, polygamy, polytheism
post-
happening after
postpone, posthumously, postseason
pre-
happening before
prepare, predict, prefix
pro-
in support of
pro-union, pro-democracy, pro-form
pro-
moving forward or advancing
propulsion, progress, proceed
re-
doing something again
repeat, recycle, redo
self-
directed toward oneself
self-conscious, self-assured, self-checkout
semi-
partially, not completely
semiautonomous, semicircle, semiannual
sub-, sup-
below or from a lower position
submarine, suboptimal, subtropic
syn-, sym-
working together
synchronize, symmetry, syndicate
tele-
from a distance
telephone, television, telecommute
trans-
crossing or going beyond
transcontinental, transform, transgender
tri-
three
trident, triangle, triathlon
un-
negation or the absence of
unimportant, unrest, uneventful
under-
beneath or insufficient
undercover, underwear, underestimate
uni-
one
uniform, unite, unicellular
up-
upward or higher
upgrade, upwind, update
with-
moving away from or resisting
withdrawal, withhold, withstand
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